The Stanford Prison Experiment Research On Situational...

Social psychologist, Philip Zimbardo, has lead one of the most infamous experiments in the modern history with the Stanford Prison Experiment. The immense popularity of the experimental research on situational power, although having cultivated great recognition, has overshadowed the multiple contributions and accomplishments that Zimbardo continues to assume in his lifetime. Many of Zimbardo’s recognitions have been brought upon due to the Stanford Prison Experiment, yet in this paper will extensively examine Zimbardo’s psychological career from the beginning to the current date to recognize his notable influence in the field of Psychology, specifically the field of Social Psychology. This brief review of Zimbardo’s lengthy career will include various facts and personal accounts of Zimbardo’s regarding his life and work. Zimbardo’s lifetime of work has mainly focused and researched the multiple flaws of human’s beings, and it’s through his findings that society is truly able to progress forward positively. Zimbardo’s long career exemplifies that of an unrestricted devotion; he has and still works to better society through its various flaws, making him undoubtably impactful. Philip Zimbardo’s Contributions in Psychology Psychologist Philip Zimbardo’s passion and dedication to education and new knowledge has always been a driving force in his career and personal life. Although, Zimbardo is not as essential to the foundations of psychology like older famousShow MoreRelatedPsychological Research On Aggression And New Evidence942 Words   |  4 Pagespsychologists have spent lots of time trying to determine what should be considered aggression and reasons why individuals exhibit aggressive behaviors towards other. Hence, for many decades social psychologists have carried out various psychological research on aggression and new evidence has emerged on the problems that researchers are exploring the fundamental construct of aggression for a long time continue to experience, raising new questions and posing new perspectives about aggressive behaviorsRead MoreThe Role Of A Guard And A Prisoner1405 Words   |  6 Pagesspecific situation? Answerin g a question similar to this one was the aim of this experiment. Brutality among American prison guards toward prisoners had been reported and psychologists were interested in finding out what motivated their actions. In 1971, psychologist Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues set out to create an experiment that looked at the impact of becoming a prisoner or prison guard. The aim of this experiment was to investigate how readily people would conform to the roles of a guard andRead MoreStanford Prison Experiment Essay1150 Words   |  5 Pagespossible to claim that with this new power individual(s) would be fair and ethical or could it be said that ones true colors would show? A group of researchers, headed by Stanford University psychologist Philip G. Zimbardo, designed and executed an unusual experiment that used a mock prison setting, with college students role-playing either as prisoners or guards to test the power of the social situation to determine psychological effects and behavior (1971). The experiment simulated a real life scenarioRead MoreDr. Zimbardo s The Lucifer Effect 1491 Words   |  6 Pagestorturing each other, and cited various reasons for the same: country, religion, law, war, race, superiority, superstition and various other reasons. Our history is overflowing with blood poured out sometimes for heroic deeds but often for a m eans to gain power. I have often speculated on the reason behind these violations of human dignity and killing, when every religion and social culture promotes good will and condemns evil. So what makes ‘good people’ turn the corner between good and evil? We oftenRead MoreMilgram s Experiment Of Obedience Authority, Known As The Shock Experiment1911 Words   |  8 Pagessocial psychologist, presented a classic psychology research in the situational effects on human behaviour. This explains how situations can modify an individual to act in ways they would not have acted before. Zimbardo highlights that a person are seduced into evil by dehumanising and labelling others; and notes that an individual who has a sense of anonymity increases their aggression, such as wearing a uniform or a mask. The Stanford prison experiment, which Zimbardo conducted, showed that institutionalRead MoreLate Adulthood705 Words   |  3 Pagespsychology professor at Stanford University. Zi mbardo researching how prisoners and guards learned submissive and authoritarian roles. There was an ad placed in the newspaper by Zimbardo seeking male subjects to participate in his research experiment. There was a $15 per day compensation offered to the chosen participants. There were roughly 75 people to respond to the professors ad. However there were only 25 chosen to participate in the experiment needed for a study of prison life. Zimbardo designedRead MoreA Critical Review Of Zimbardo s Stanford Prison Experiment And The Bbc Prison Study1510 Words   |  7 PagesA critical review of Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment and the BBC Prison Study Introduction Tyranny is defined: an unequal social system involving the arbitrary or oppressive use of power by one group over another (Reicher Haslam, 2006). The link made between groups and tyranny has a long history in social psychology being prominent nearly 2,400 years ago with the Greek philosopher Aristotle. Aristotle believed that collective rule leads to moral irresponsibility, haphazardness and isRead MoreThe Stanford Prison Experiments1627 Words   |  7 PagesMollie Herrick Professor Ronnfeldt WRC 1013, 0B2 September 26, 2014 The Stanford Prison Experiments The Stanford Prison Experiments, which happened over forty years ago, showed how power, and being powerless, would change and affect a person to do things they wouldn’t normally do. The experiment was started to show what being in the situation of prison would do to a person psychologically. â€Å"I wanted to know who wins -- good people or an evil situation -- when they were brought into direct confrontation†(ZimbardoRead MoreEssay about Reviewing Zimbardo’s Experiment 893 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Stanford Prison Experiment† by Philip G. Zimbardo was written to explain the results of the Stanford prison experiment. Zimbardo while trying to gain support for his conclusions of the experiment, demonstrated many errors in his writing, and in his own experiment. The errors that Zimbardo commits call into question the validity of his argument, and the experiment. The goal explained by Zimbardo was â€Å"to understand more about the process by such peop le called â€Å"prisoners† lose their liberty, civilRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of The Lucifer Effect 846 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Stanford Prison Experiment, and the author’s personal experiences as an expert witness for one of the Abu Ghraib prison guards, to raise fundamental questions about the nature of good and evil. Mankind wants us to believe that there is a little good in all of us. Zimbardo created a min blowing experiment that examine the human mind. The Stanford prison experiment was a study of the psychological effects of becoming a prisoner or prison guard. The experiment was conducted at Stanford University

The Effects War Has on Military Families - 1194 Words

War is one of the most powerful threats we have on the Earth today. War can bring about a variety of things in a variation of different ways and it is completely up to the government to decide a countrys war position. It is up to individuals that will under no circumstances have to experience what they have created, but what happens to the soldiers they send in to battle for them and their families. For the soldiers they are trapped with an involvement unlike any other known to man, stuck with memoirs and images of what its like to be hunted by an opposing soldier. Different types of people take different effects away from the warfront and are affected in diverse ways, but big changes after a war are unavoidable. In the stories â€Å"The Red†¦show more content†¦As a civilized person of society we want the versatile advancement of the human culture, writings, science and the fine art. Civilization is a state where the peak principles of the human society are naturally and e xtemporaneously reproduced by a mans thoughts and actions. If we look back into the past at the civilizations of ancient India or Greece and Rome, it is not for the wars that they waged there, but for their literature, knowledge, fine arts and their philosophic thoughts. The past teaches us many things but one that stands out is, that is, man has attained his uppermost cultivation in times of peace. Meaning their military personnel did not have to deal with everyday trauma by still being effected by lingering thoughts of war. The success that ancient civilizations during wars mean nothing because they were simply forgotten later in history: Many of the poets have praised war but it was only to demonstrate the greatness of the human mind explaining that war was not needed to thrive, but also displayed the achievements of heroic fighters displayed. But visualize the cost of wars no matter where and what time period it happened. During wars the three Ms; men, material and money have been squandered for utter destruction. Warlords often speculated that war was a healthy stimulant and ought to be conducted to re-establish honorable ethics. They often claim that war is alwaysShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Military Service Members Ptsd1720 Words   |  7 PagesImpact of Military Service Members PTSD Introduction Military work is complex and wide. The soldiers are normally deployed to wars during the war time or deployed to complex rescue missions whenever needed. This is in the belief that military personnel are the most robust trained personnel who can handle the toughest situations and conditions in life. However, for everything there exists a limit. This is because military personnel are normal human beings. They have humanity in them and military work isRead MoreEffects Of War On Military Families1286 Words   |  6 PagesComing into this project, I had a vague idea of the effects of war on military families. Of course, I knew there were struggles with in a family that has a soldier or a veteran, but I didn’t understand the full concept wholly. One of my questions coming into the project was what are the benefits for military families? I figured that there was just a fine line of what benefits a military family gets regarding financial stances, but I was completely wrong. I learn ed that there are different situationsRead MoreMilitary Death and the Families’ Reaction to Losing Their Loved Ones1103 Words   |  5 Pagesher life has to go through. People go through many stages of grief and react to death differently. Some people tend to have flat a fleck, while others are seen whaling to miss that loved one. Many people feel an intense sadness or lost when someone close to them dies. This affects the way they react to others, extend of their physical and mental health in which is tested as well the length of healing to get over this devastating time. For this paper I will discuss the effects of Military Death andRead MoreFamily Implications Of The World War I And II, Korea, And Vietnam863 Words   |  4 PagesFamily Implications As we look at the over, arching aspect of family implications, the most common aspect associated to this is the number of service member deaths. By the numbers alone, those killed in conjunction to the operations of the past 14 years do not hold a candle to the sheer numbers of World Wars I and II, Korea, or Vietnam. We must look past these numbers and look at all injuries, which will then significantly increase the casualty numbers. Many of the millions of wounded warriorsRead MoreA Soldier s Sacrifice : Military Influence On The Twentieth Century1251 Words   |  6 PagesA Soldier’s Sacrifice: Military Influence in Music into the Twentieth Century The progressive era was a period of social activism and political reform that tested the strength of the country’s military. The devastating conflict of World War permeated much distress, that resulted in many American troops to be deployed overseas in active warzones. Music became a prominent feature on the battlefield and home front. The destruction of war created a motivation for political change and an inspirationRead MoreU.s. Soldiers During The Vietnam War1472 Words   |  6 PagesU.S. Soldiers in the Vietnam War To this day, many Vietnam veterans suffer and feel forgotten, unappreciated, and even discriminated against. Combat experiences or physical disabilities have ruined some of their lives. For more, returning to normal life had not been easy. Imagine if you had just graduated out of high school and were sent to a guerrilla warfare far away from your home. During the war, you were exposed to a lot of stress, confusion, anxiety, pain, and hatred. Then you were sentRead MoreEssay on Women Dealing with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder638 Words   |  3 PagesPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder on Returning US Military Personnel. Journal of Health Care Finance, 36(4), 65-74. This article presents an overview of the significant cost of health care for returning military personnel diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This article explains how there is a greater need for evidence-based treatment for PTSD returning military members served in Iraq. The estimated cost of federal health care for return US military personnel with PTSD surpasses annuallyRead MoreWhat Are Invisible Wounds Of War?1411 Words   |  6 PagesWhat are invisible wounds of war? Compare and contrast the differences between PTSD and TBI. Discuss treatment for these two injuries, including the role of social workers. Ann Lee California State University, Sacramento Social work 191 Professor Lial March 12, 2016 Invisible wounds of war Invisible wounds of war are psychological and cognitive injuries; a deep scar that others cannot see or feel their pain. According to Pryce, Pryce, and Shackelford (2012), War produces undetectable injuriesRead MoreHow the Greatest Generation Won WWI1294 Words   |  6 PagesDust Bowl, and then fighting in the largest war in history, World War II. The Greatest Generation caused the tides of WWII to turn, uniting the country, and ultimately saving the world through their strong values of hard work, commitment, discipline, and most importantly sacrifice. As children, the Greatest Generation were born into the worst economy the United States has ever seen. This was a very dark and desperate time for nearly every American family. The Lost Generation (1890-1908) were â€Å"livingRead MorePTSD Research Paper1674 Words   |  7 PagesDisorder Today, hundreds of thousands of service men and women and recent military veterans have seen combat. Many have been shot at, seen their buddies killed, or witnessed death up close. These are types of events that can lead to Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder PTSD: A Growing Epidemic. â€Å") Anyone that has gone through a traumatic event can be diagnosed with PTSD but research shows, military men and women are more susceptible to having PTSD (PTSD: A Growing Epidemic

The Management of World Heritage Sites free essay sample

No two world heritage sites are alike but all share common problems such as the need for a delicate balance between visitation and conservation’ (Shackley 2000). Each World Heritage Site should have a management plan that deals with entry charges, potential damage to the heritage resources, congestion, reduction of visitors at peak times and dealing with specific types of visitors. World Heritage Sites act as a magnet for visitors because it is believed that World Heritage listing increases visitor numbers. According to UNESCO (1972) as was stated in the World Heritage Convention, ‘World Heritage Sites should retain and function in current community life while being conserved for transmission to future generations’. However tourism, especially excessive tourism at some of the World Heritage Sites place great deals of physical pressure on the sites and possible emotional pressures on the surrounding communities. It is therefore necessary that if a specific site is given World Heritage status that it is to be maintained and remain accessible to current and future generations. We will write a custom essay sample on The Management of World Heritage Sites or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Consequently managing tourism and tourists within the sites sustainably should be a critical issue (Garrod Fyall, 2000; Pederson, 2002). LITERATURE REVIEW OVERVIEW OF HERITAGE Heritage can be considered what we hold on to from the past, what we possess today and what we may pass on to those who are here after us. The heritage that we possess; both cultural and natural cannot be replaced and are considered a vital link to our past, especially for the future generations. There are many places in the world that possess qualities such as these; the wilds of East Africa’s Serengeti, the Pyramids of Egypt, the Great Barrier Reef in Australia and the Baroque cathedrals of Latin America, and these places make up the world’s heritage. World heritage sites are places where persons from any background can make a link to their past, these places do not just belong to the persons who live among them but to anyone that may have an interest in them and that could seemingly be anyone in the world (UNESCO 2009). Heritage attractions can be considered the â€Å"crown jewels† of the world’s natural and cultural heritage (Leask and Fyall 2006). According to UNESCO (2009) â€Å"The World Heritage List includes 890 properties forming part of the cultural and natural heritage which the World Heritage Committee considers as having outstanding universal value. These include 689 cultural, 176 natural and 25 mixed properties in 148 States Parties†. In order to have these World Heritage sites for future use certain missions were put in place by UNESCO (2009) such as; * encourage countries to sign the World Heritage Convention and to ensure the protection of their natural and cultural heritage; * encourage States Parties to establish management plans and set up reporting systems on the state of conservation of their World Heritage sites; * help States Parties safeguard World Heritage properties by providing technical assistance and professional training; * encourage participation of the local population in the preservation of their cultural and natural heritage; * encourage international cooperation in the conservation of our worlds cultural and natural heritage. It can be said that many heritage visitor attractions are not commercial businesses but serve a more educational purpose. Due to this fact heritage sites depend heavily on financial or voluntary assistance from the government or Trusts (Leask and Yeoman 1999). Heritage visitor attractions are not all the same and are perceived differently by individuals. For example Leask and Yeoman (1999, 176) confirm that: Heritage visitor attractions range from small, unmanned individual sites to clearly defined small-scale geographical areas that people visit for a limited period of time. The attractions offer ‘an experience’, an intangible product that visitors participate in to varying degrees and add their own values to. THE HERITAGE CUSTOMER The customer no longer sees a visit to an historic house, for example, as a privilege, but rather a right to spend their money however and where ever they choose. Long queues, poor interpretations, lack of parking, difficult access, poor value for money will send the visitor elsewhere, removing both any current financial revenue for the attraction as well as future revenue from repeat business or word-of –mouth advertising. The proper management of visitors has become just as significant in heritage attraction management as the nature of the attraction itself which a manager should not risk ignoring (Leask Yeoman 1999). TYPES OF VISITOR IMPACT AT WORLD HERITAGE SITES AND THE MANAGMENT OF THESE IMPACTS Overcrowding/Carrying Capacity Overcrowding is a problem that occurs at heritage sites and this is where there is not enough room for visitors to have a positive experience at a site due to the comfort restrictions of being too close to one another. Overcrowding also tends to occur in places where lines are backed up, like the entrance to the attraction or by the restrooms (Garrod 2008, 167). However, overcrowding can also occur when tour itineraries are organised badly at sites and coaches bring many tourists at one time to a particular site or areas within the site. An example of this is the Uluru World Heritage Site in Australia (Shackley 2006). Overcrowding also relates to carrying capacity in the sense that carrying capacity ‘is the maximum number of people who can use a site without an acceptable alternation in physical environment and without an unacceptable decline in the quality of experience gained by the visitor’ (Mathieson and Wall, 186). Inskeep (1991, 144) suggests ‘without an unacceptable adverse impact on the society, economy and culture of the tourism area’. Carrying capacity can be used to manage visitors within attractions/ World Heritage Sites that are aiming to be sustainable. Carrying capacity ‘recognizes the need to manage visitor usage and minimize the threat posed to the sustainable use of finite resources’ (Alipour et al n. d. ). Inskeep (1991, 144) states that even though carrying capacity is not always precise and assumptions have to be made the overall concept is reliable and it is useful in creating guidelines for tourism planning and site management. The Uluru has however constructed a new viewing area to solve its overcrowding/carrying capacity problems which accommodates double the number of people that the original site can accommodate. The park’s visitor and tourism manager is of the opinion that the new viewing area will solve the overcrowding problems (ABC News 2009). Long Term Capacity Planning Is the process of increasing capacity, which includes the redesigning of layout, expansion of existing or additional facilities. When planning for additional capacity effects such as parking and road congestion have to be taken into consideration. Stonehenge, which has been a World Heritage Site since 1986, had plans proposed at ? 35-40 million, the proposed development also included the re-routing of main and access roads (Leask and Yeoman, 1999, 157). UNESCO (2009) stated in the Stonehenge Management Plan Summary 2009 that: A three month public consultation on the future of Stonehenge took place between July and October 2008, which sought views on the revised World Heritage Site Management Plan, the proposed closure of the A303 and alternative locations for new visitor facilities This management plan was created after the U. K. government decided to cancel the A303 Stonehenge Road Improvement scheme on the basis of cost concerns and hopes that another solution would be found to relieve traffic congestion around the World Heritage property of Stonehenge (UNESCO 2007). Price Incentives Organizations are reluctant to place price incentives for fear it will drive away customers, however if this is not used it may result in overcrowding which will lead to complaints and negative word of mouth and hence loss of a good reputation. But if the heritage site is unique then the visitor will come anyways (Leask and Yeoman 1999, 160). According to Garrod and Fyall (2000, 685) heritage cannot be given a price because if this is done it just becomes another commercial asset, they also go on to state that if it becomes too expensive for visitors to visit the specific sites then what is the sense of preserving them. Charging admission controls visitor numbers and aids in the conservation of the heritage site. Shackley (2009, 7) states that many of the World Heritage Sites do not charge an entry fee. This is because in the case of urban centre’s it is impossible to collect one and because many curators or site managers find it culturally inappropriate. An example of this is the World Heritage Site of Machu Pichu in Peru which was listed in 1983. Buckley, purports that the site itself generates substantial revenue (estimated at US$6 Million), and the connecting town of Aguas Calientes has also benefited from the additional tourism revenue, resulting in greater economic security and assists against the damaging effects of drought. Site Hardening The value of protected areas is linked to the ability of managers to minimize tourism – related impacts, while accommodating increasing visitation (Farrell Marion, 2002; Marion Farrell, 1998). In order to achieve this there has to be a trade- off of the amount of persons visiting the facility, the type and size of the facility and site-hardening that is required and the condition of the facility ( Cahill, Marion, Lawson, 2008, 233). Site hardening is usually considered when there is an increase in visitors it is done to improve access as well as to protect the items or site from any degradation (Cole, 1990; Leung Marion, 1999). Inskeep (1991, 280), is of the opinion that it is necessary to prohibit access to fragile features within a site so he suggests only being able to view them. He also suggests the control of large amount of visitors to a particular site if certain degradation may be caused. An example of site hardening is the World Heritage Site of the Tower of London which was added to the list in 1988. According to Shackley (1999), a travelator system was installed to stop the back up of visitors at the popular Jewel House where there would be long queues at busy times. The travelator is switched on at busy times and only allows visitors to stay at a particular exhibit for a predetermined space of time. Restrictive Ticketing and Quota Systems This is an approach that may be taken to restrict the number of persons allowed in the attraction at any one time (Inskeep 1991). This includes the restrictions of the time of day, the length of stay, the size of the groups and the number of visitors permitted per day. This is done to prevent overcrowding or the effects from humidity (CO2) which many be damaging to the items within the facility or that facility itself. An example of this is the wall paintings in the Queen Nefertari tomb in Egypt, which is a World Heritage Attraction. Due to the humidity caused by large numbers of visitors spending periods of time within the enclosed tomb, it raises the humidity and causes the paint to flake off of the walls. It is because of this damage that there has been placed a limit of only 150 visitors a day, that are taken into the tomb in small groups with a time limit of 16 minutes (Garrod 2008, 168). Promoting Off-Peak Demand According to Leask and Yeoman (1999), this may include encouraging group visitors, or special events for quiet periods. Special prices for groups who may be potential future visitors or may through word of mouth bring potential future visitors. Stakeholder Participation in World Heritage Sites Sauter and Leisen (1999, p. 13) articulate the need for all stakeholders to be involved in the planning process this includes; groups, individuals – employees, customers, suppliers, governments, and members of the community. Stakeholders can be defined as ‘any group or individual who can affect o r is affected by the achievement of the organization’s objectives’ (Freeman, cited in d’Agnello and Go 2008, p. 431). Gray’s (1989, 11) definition of collaboration is â€Å" a process of joint decision-making among key stakeholders of a problem domain about the future of that domain† is one that is widely used by many persons in tourism settings and to assist in the decision-making within a community (Aas et al. , 2005; Jamal Getz. 1998: Selen. , 1999). It is assumed that local stakeholder groups are more concerned with bridging the impacts of resource use between generations and it can be said that local stakeholders have a better understanding of the economic, environmental and social needs and resources of a community and how they can be better integrated into the specific region (Milne Ateljevic , 2001). From the literature it can be seen that although stakeholder participation assists in strategic planning and hence sustainable development this theory is still highly contested due to the complications of the extent to which stakeholders become involved (Landorf, 2009, 3). The Visitor/ Tourist Experience The ‘tourist experience’ is defined by Page and Connell (2006, 483) as being, ‘a complex combination of objective, but predominantly subjective factors that shape the tourist’s feelings and attitude towards his or her visit’. Laws (1998) observed that each aspect of the visitor experience is important, this can range from the signage, car parking, quality of catering to the cleanliness of the toilets and if these things are not up to the visitors standards it can destroy the overall visitor experience. Graefe and Vaske (1987) emphasized that visitors respond negatively to overcrowding and can lead to the dissatisfaction or the displacement of the visitor. According to Swarbrooke and Horner (2001), there are two main factors that render it necessary to provide a positive ‘tourist experience’ and that is; tourist satisfaction creates repeat visitors and lowers the cost of locating and encouraging new visitors and secondly, positive word of mouth means less money has to go into the marketing of the attraction. It can be said that managing the tourist experience is vital in order to sustain visitor satisfaction and, inevitably, numbers’. However Page and Connell (2006) are pessimistic in t he notion of researching the tourist experience, stating that there are difficulties in doing so because each tourist has his or her own concept of what a good experience is. For example a visitor might be content with the core product but not with specific service elements. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW Upon re-examining the literature review, it was realised that it is important and necessary to develop strategic management techniques within World Heritage Sites in order to allow visitors to view the sites, with the ability to preserve and conserve them for future generations. Stakeholders should be involved in the management process of the World Heritage Sites even if it is only through volunteer work, however not all literary sources agree with the involvement of stakeholders. It is important to mitigate the negative impacts to each and every one of the world heritage sites at the same time as creating a positive ‘tourist experience’ for the visitor without compromising the feelings of the local community to the influx of a mass of visitors. It goes without saying that carrying capacity is important to manage visitor usage to protect our natural and historic capital for future generations, and is critical to any management plan. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION In order to carry out the analyses of the pragmatics of managing tourists at World Heritage Sites, specific questions have been raised as to; Why do tourists visit some World Heritage Sites and not others? What is the tourist experience of such sites? How successful are sites in the management of tourists? What roles do local communities play in site management? How can the ‘spirit of the place’ be protected in the sheer volume of tourists? How can some sites maximise the potential of a sustainable tourism for the purposes of poverty alleviation and community cohesion? How effective are communication strategies in bringing stakeholders together? Why Tourists Visit Some Sites and Not Others According to Swarbrooke (2002), it can be said that visitors may visit a pecific attraction or in this case a World Heritage Site because of two specific determinants and that is the target market that the attraction/site targets or the benefits sought meaning the benefits that the vis itor expects from visiting the site. Specific attractions will target markets based on age, sex, stage in the family life cycle, social class, the personality of the visitor and their lifestyles and the time that they visit the attraction. These headings will also be what influence the tourist to visit the particular attraction. For example a person that is married and does not have young children, is in a moderate social class, is educated and is relatively young may visit the tomb of Queen Nefertari in Egypt. Benefits sought on the other hand refer to the customer visiting a site based on status, nostalgia and easy access. An elderly person therefore will visit an attraction such as the Uluru in Australia where a new viewing site has been constructed to alleviate the overcrowding within the site, therefore an elderly person may choose this site based on the ability to learn about the site but also knowing that it is easily accessible and they will not be trampled or congested. The decision-making process of visiting a specific site is also based on if the customer is aware of the attraction, what the attraction offers, the special benefits and general facilities of the attraction and cost filters, example if there is value for money and the travel time to get there (Swarbrooke 2002). The Tourist Experience of Heritage Sites The ‘tourist experience’ as was stated earlier, is defined by Page and Connell (2006, 483) as being, ‘a complex combination of objective, but predominantly subjective factors that shape the tourist’s feelings and attitude towards his or her visit’. As was demonstrated in the literature above the visitor responds to perceived levels of crowding, bad signage and the overall atmosphere as well as all service elements of the specific site but each visitor has a different notion of what a ‘good experience’ is. Therefore it can be said that persons visiting the Tower of London may find the experience to be stimulating because they are interested in visiting more than one site that specific day and respond positively to the travelator system which allows them to stop at each point for only a short period of time, however the visitor who has travelled a great distance and as organised their day to peruse this specific site may respond negatively to being whisked from exhibit to exhibit possibly feeling they have not gotten value for money. The Successful Management of Tourists Within Heritage Sites and the â€Å"Spirit of the Place† In relation to the many examples given within the literature it can be said that the World Heritage Sites that were mentioned have successfully used specific demand and supply management techniques to manage the tourists within the sites. The sites have used measures such as the alleviation of overcrowding, long term capacity planning, price incentives, site hardening and restrictive ticketing and quota systems. These management techniques have assisted in the problems of overcrowding within and around the sites, wear and tear to the sites and the exhibits and artefacts within the site, traffic related problems and impacts on the community. This is due to the fact that in relation to cars and coaches being in the road and in the way of the local communities World Heritage Sites such as the Uluru in Australia and Stonehenge have put in place or are strategically planning alternative parking for the influx of visitors at peak times and also for the attractions that are not only based on foreign visitors but also the local community, the site hardening assists in the ability of all visitors to see the exhibits for the same amount of time without congestion as well as preserving the specific site for the future generations of the local community. By placing these management techniques within the World Heritage Sites, this also protects the ‘spirit of the place’ when there are numerous tourists because it alleviates the situation of overcrowding and hence it will prevent or decelerate getting to the stage of annoyance in Doxey’s Irridex theory where, the saturation point is approaching and residents have misgivings about the tourists between the locals (Mowforth and Munt 2003). Therefore the local community can focus on the earnings of the site, the jobs that the support services create and knowing that through effective site management that all artefacts and heirlooms that belong to the specific place and being effectively managed. Sustainable Tourism, Poverty Alleviation and Community Cohesion The World Heritage Site of Machu Pichu purports ,as was stated above, that the site itself generates substantial revenue (estimated at US$6 Million), and the onnecting town of Aguas Calientes has also benefited from the additional tourism revenue, resulting in greater economic security and assists against the damaging effects of drought. Therefore it can observed that Machu Pichu through the use of price incentives as a visitor management tool has not only alleviated the stresses of overcrowding and damaging environmental impacts such as the humidity of too many persons within a site causing degradation to the physical structures in order to create a sustainable site, has also used this management tool as a way to generate income for the local community and also a connecting town which assists in the alleviation of poverty as well as community cohesion. Bringing Stakeholders Together and the Local Community’s Involvement in Managment Leask and Fyall (2006, 13) affirm that it is difficult to balance tourism activity with the conservation role; this creates tension between all stakeholders that are involved. Each stakeholder is likely to have their own opinions, agendas and priorities which makes coming to an agreement sometimes impossible. Mc Kercher et al (2005) after considerable research states that ‘tourism and cultural heritage management often have an awkward relationship’, he goes on to suggest ‘formal partnerships may not be the best route to success. ’ Successful tourism will only occur where there is a realistic appreciation of the tourism asset and the core cultural values of the site are conserved and each stakeholder is given clearly defined roles. According to Garrod (2008, 175) the local community can enhance their participation by educating visitors and interpreting their culture for visitors this also gives them the authority to decide what to educate visitors about and what to interpret. Therefore it can be noted that stakeholders will not come together unless there are definitive roles established and effective communication is carried out between the stakeholders. Local communities play a role in site management by volunteering at the specific sites as most heritage sites do not generate a large amount of income, they also may be mangers of the specific site having to place the specific management techniques in place to preserve and conserve the sites or they may be a part of the support services and may be able to assist by giving effective and efficient information to visitors on how to treat the specific sites. CHALLENGES, RECCOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS The challenges faced by managers of World Heritage Sites is to conserve and preserve the attraction for future generations but this must be done without compromising the existing attraction when these modifications are made in order to successfully manage visitors in or around the attraction. As was reviewed in the literature, it appears as though it is relatively difficult to successfully incorporate the involvement of stakeholders in the planning and management of these specific sites as each manager/curator or person involved has their own agendas and ideas as to what is the correct way to handle the specific issues. However, stakeholders should be involved in the development process so as to allow the local community to voice their opinions and feel as though they have participated in the effective management of the World Heritage Sites within their community, this will also alleviate the feeling of resentment towards the influx of visitors to the specific sites. It is also recommended that there be constant monitoring and evaluation of the site, due to the fact that tourism and tourists are not always constant and the type of tourist to specific sites may change which means that they will be expecting a different visitor experience and the management techniques in place for that site may deter them from entering the specific site, therefore it cannot be assumed that one management technique once it is put in place cannot or should not be changed. In conclusion it can be said that World Heritage Sites are both an asset and a heavy obligation. The management of these sites is challenged by the conflicting demands of conservation, economic development and social equity therefore these issues have to be dealt with delicately to avoid overwhelming the site while still maintaining visitor needs. FUTURE DIRECTIONS World Heritage Sites have managed to implement the most effective strategies in order to manage visitors. It can only be assumed that these forms of visitor management will become more complex as time goes on such as the travelator at the Tower of London. The mangers and stakeholders involved in site management will develop better, more innovative and technical ideas in how to increase site management as well as improving the satisfaction of the ‘tourist experience’.

The Culture Of Pakistan An Interview With Sohail Shah By Introdu

The Culture of Pakistan: An Interview with Sohail Shah by Introduction to Sociology, MTW 10am Mrs. Linda Cook February 15, 1995 I am always fascinated with other people's cultures. The New York or Californian culture always amazes me although these states are in the United States. These areas of the nation seem very different than Texas. I do not have any friends that have recently moved here from another culture so, I set out to my neighborhood Stop N Go. The clerks at this convenience store are all from other countries. One clerk whom I have talked to many times, named Sohail Shah, always spoke of Pakistan. I often listened to his stories of being in the Karachi police force or of Pakistan's different customs. Sohail Shah, a thirty year old male clerk at the Stop N Go located on North Braeswood near Chimney Rock, has been in the United States for four years. He moved here with his wife and two children to "escape punishment". Sohail claims he was in the secret police protecting t he president when many governmental changes were made. Many of his co-workers were put in jail for many years for reasons he would not openly discuss. He has to work two jobs because his wife does not work. According to Mr. Shah, she will never work. In Pakistan, women are to stay home and raise children. Currently, Sohail is observing the holy month of fasting called Ramadan. This is observed during the ninth month of the Islamic year and is ordained by the Koran, the Islam holy book. The fasting begins every morning at dawn and ends immediately at sunset. Muslims cannot eat, drink or smoke at all. In the evening, regular activities resume. The Islam driven culture of Pakistan shapes everyday life. Each day, all Muslims pray five times. The first is before sunrise, the second around noon, the third in the late afternoon, the fourth immediately after sunset, and the fifth before retiring and before midnight. They face the Kaaba, which is a small box in Mecca. No matter where a Musli m is, he will pause, face the East, and pray when it is time. When Sohail lived in Pakistan, he lived in a house with his whole family. As an adult, he lived with his parents and siblings as well as his wife and children. The house was large enough to accommodate over fourteen people. All the women stayed home to keep up the house and prepare meals. If the women were to go to the market, they would completely cover themselves except for their eyes. Women were not to be seen in public without covers. Also, the wives wait for their husbands to come home before eating. The Koran approves of polygamy, allowing up to four wives. If a Pakistani decides to marry a second wife, his first wife must approve of her. Shah says polygamy is not very common in Pakistan. A typical day in Pakistan for Shah was to wake up before sunrise and pray. His wife would prepare breakfast for him before he left for work. He would leave for his police work when an armored truck stopped at his house. He was an officer in the police force before being promoted to the secret police. Shah rode around Karachi, the largest city in Pakistan, in the truck with twelve other rifle carrying policemen the entire day. Although there is nearly zero crime in Pakistan, the threat of terrorism keeps the police busy. The crime situation is based on severe punishments such as amputation of a hand for stealing. In addition, the people of Pakistan have a very strong conscience. People leave their homes and businesses unlocked while away. When Sohail returned home, his wife would have dinner already made for him and his entire family would eat when all the men returned from work. While the men are away, the women take care of the children, bake bread, and make pottery or baskets to sell at the market. His large family would then discuss different topics of interest before retiring. I found that the funeral arrangements are somewhat strange. First, women may go to the wake when